Processing XML with SAX and DOM


Processing XML with Java using SAX and DOM

Elliotte Rusty Harold

O'Reilly Java Conference 2001

Monday, March 26, 2001

elharo@metalab.unc.edu

http://www.ibiblio.org/xml/


Where we're going


Processing XML with Java is easy


Prerequisites


Parser APIs


Part I: Writing XML Documents with Java


Unicode


Readers and Writers


A Java program that writes Fibonacci numbers into a text file

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.io.*;


public class FibonacciText {

  public static void main(String[] args) {

    try {
      FileOutputStream   fout = new FileOutputStream("fibonacci.txt");
      OutputStreamWriter out  = new OutputStreamWriter(fout, "8859_1");

      BigInteger low  = BigInteger.ZERO;
      BigInteger high = BigInteger.ONE;

      for (int i = 0; i <= 25; i++) {
        out.write(low.toString() + "\r\n");
        BigInteger temp = high;
        high = high.add(low);
        low = temp;
      }

      out.close();
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
      System.err.println(e);
    }

  }

}

fibonacci.txt

0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
55
89
144
233
377
610
987
1597
2584
4181
6765
10946
17711
28657
46368
75025

A Java program that writes Fibonacci numbers into an XML file

import java.math.*;
import java.io.*;


public class FibonacciXML {

  public static void main(String[] args) {

    try {
      FileOutputStream  fout = new FileOutputStream("fibonacci.xml");
      OutputStreamWriter out = new OutputStreamWriter(fout);

      BigInteger low  = BigInteger.ZERO;
      BigInteger high = BigInteger.ONE;

      out.write("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\r\n");
      out.write("<Fibonacci_Numbers>\r\n");
      for (int i = 0; i <= 25; i++) {
        out.write("  <fibonacci index=\"" + i + "\">");
        out.write(low.toString());
        out.write("</fibonacci>\r\n");
        BigInteger temp = high;
        high = high.add(low);
        low = temp;
      }
      out.write("</Fibonacci_Numbers>");

      out.close();
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
      System.err.println(e);
    }

  }

}

fibonacci.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Fibonacci_Numbers>
  <fibonacci index="0">0</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="1">1</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="2">1</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="3">2</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="4">3</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="5">5</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="6">8</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="7">13</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="8">21</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="9">34</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="10">55</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="11">89</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="12">144</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="13">233</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="14">377</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="15">610</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="16">987</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="17">1597</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="18">2584</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="19">4181</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="20">6765</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="21">10946</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="22">17711</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="23">28657</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="24">46368</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="25">75025</fibonacci>
</Fibonacci_Numbers>

Suppose we want to use a different encoding than UTF-8

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.io.*;


public class FibonacciLatin1 {

  public static void main(String[] args) {

    try {
      FileOutputStream fout
       = new FileOutputStream("fibonacci_8859_1.xml");
      OutputStreamWriter out = new OutputStreamWriter(fout, "8859_1");

      BigInteger low  = BigInteger.ZERO;
      BigInteger high = BigInteger.ONE;

      out.write("<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"8859_1\"?>\r\n");
      out.write("<Fibonacci_Numbers>\r\n");
      for (int i = 0; i <= 25; i++) {
        out.write("  <fibonacci index=\"" + i + "\">");
        out.write(low.toString());
        out.write("</fibonacci>\r\n");

        BigInteger temp = high;
        high = high.add(low);
        low = temp;
      }
      out.write("</Fibonacci_Numbers>");

      out.close();
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
      System.err.println(e);
    }

  }

}

fibonacci_8859_1.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="8859_1"?>
<Fibonacci_Numbers>
  <fibonacci index="0">0</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="1">1</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="2">1</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="3">2</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="4">3</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="5">5</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="6">8</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="7">13</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="8">21</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="9">34</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="10">55</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="11">89</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="12">144</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="13">233</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="14">377</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="15">610</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="16">987</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="17">1597</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="18">2584</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="19">4181</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="20">6765</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="21">10946</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="22">17711</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="23">28657</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="24">46368</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="25">75025</fibonacci>
</Fibonacci_Numbers>

Suppose you want to include a DTD

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.io.*;


public class FibonacciDTD {

  public static void main(String[] args) {

    try {
      FileOutputStream fout
       = new FileOutputStream("valid_fibonacci.xml");
      OutputStreamWriter out = new OutputStreamWriter(fout, "UTF-8");

      BigInteger low  = BigInteger.ZERO;
      BigInteger high = BigInteger.ONE;

      out.write("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\r\n");
      out.write("<!DOCTYPE Fibonacci_Numbers [\r\n");
      out.write("  <!ELEMENT Fibonacci_Numbers (fibonacci*)>\r\n");
      out.write("  <!ELEMENT fibonacci (#PCDATA)>\r\n");
      out.write("  <!ATTLIST fibonacci index CDATA #IMPLIED>\r\n");
      out.write("]>\r\n");
      out.write("<Fibonacci_Numbers>\r\n");
      for (int i = 0; i <= 25; i++) {
        out.write("  <fibonacci index=\"" + i + "\">");
        out.write(low.toString());
        out.write("</fibonacci>\r\n");

        BigInteger temp = high;
        high = high.add(low);
        low = temp;
      }
      out.write("</Fibonacci_Numbers>");

      out.close();
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
      System.err.println(e);
    }

  }

}

valid_fibonacci.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE Fibonacci_Numbers [
  <!ELEMENT Fibonacci_Numbers (fibonacci*)>
  <!ELEMENT fibonacci (#PCDATA)>
  <!ATTLIST fibonacci index CDATA #IMPLIED>
]>
<Fibonacci_Numbers>
  <fibonacci index="0">0</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="1">1</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="2">1</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="3">2</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="4">3</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="5">5</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="6">8</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="7">13</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="8">21</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="9">34</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="10">55</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="11">89</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="12">144</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="13">233</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="14">377</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="15">610</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="16">987</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="17">1597</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="18">2584</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="19">4181</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="20">6765</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="21">10946</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="22">17711</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="23">28657</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="24">46368</fibonacci>
  <fibonacci index="25">75025</fibonacci>
</Fibonacci_Numbers>

Converting data to XML


Sample Tab Delimited Data: Baseball Statistics

SurnameFirstNameTeamPositionGames PlayedGames StartedAtBatsRunsHitsDoublesTriplesHome runsRBIStolen BasesCaught StealingSacrifice HitsSacrifice FliesErrorsPBWalksStrike outsHit by pitch
AndersonGarret ANAOutfield15615162262183417157983336029801
BaughmanJustin ANASecond Base625419624509112010453806361
BolickFrank ANAThird Base2111453720120000001180
DisarcinaGary ANAShortstop1571555517315839335612712314021518
EdmondsJim ANAOutfield1541505991151844212591751150571141
ErstadDarin ANAOutfield133129537841593931982206133043776
GarciaCarlos ANASecond Base1910354510002010103111
GlausTroy ANAThird Base484516519369012310027015510
GreeneTodd ANAOutfield29157131840170000002200
HelfandEric ANACatcher000000000000000000
HollinsDave ANAThird Base10198363608816211391132217044697
JefferiesGregg ANAOutfield19187272560110100000050
JohnsonMark ANAFirst Base10214110000000000060
KreuterChad ANACatcher9674252276310123310519533493
MartinNorberto ANASecond Base79501952042201133132406290
MashoreDamon ANAOutfield4324981323602111010009223
MolinaBen ANACatcher201000000000000000
NevinPhil ANACatcher7565237275481827000252017675
ObrienCharlie ANACatcher625817513459041800334110332
PalmeiroOrlando ANAOutfield743416528537202154700020110
PritchettChris ANAFirst Base311980122321282000104160
SalmonTim ANADesignated Hitter1361304638413928126880101020901003
ShipleyCraig ANAThird Base77321471838712170441305225
VelardeRandy ANASecond Base5150188294913142672014034421
WalbeckMatt ANACatcher10891338418715264611557830682
WilliamsReggie ANAOutfield2973671310153310007111

A Program to convert tab delimited data to XML

import java.io.*;


public class BaseballTabToXML {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
     
    try {
      FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(args[0]);
      BufferedReader in 
       = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fin));
      
      FileOutputStream fout 
       = new FileOutputStream("baseballstats.xml");
      OutputStreamWriter out = new OutputStreamWriter(fout, "UTF-8");      
      out.write("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\r\n");  
      out.write("<players>\r\n");
      String playerStats;  
      while ((playerStats = in.readLine()) != null) {
        String[] stats = splitLine(playerStats);         
        out.write("  <player>\r\n");
          out.write("    <first_name>" + stats[1] + "</first_name>\r\n");
          out.write("    <surname>" + stats[0] + "</surname>\r\n");
          out.write("    <games_played>" + stats[4] + "</games_played>\r\n");
          out.write("    <at_bats>" + stats[6] + "</at_bats>\r\n");
          out.write("    <runs>" + stats[7] + "</runs>\r\n");
          out.write("    <hits>" + stats[8] + "</hits>\r\n");
          out.write("    <doubles>" + stats[9] + "</doubles>\r\n");
          out.write("    <triples>" + stats[10] + "</triples>\r\n");
          out.write("    <home_runs>" + stats[11] + "</home_runs>\r\n");
          out.write("    <stolen_bases>" + stats[12] + "</stolen_bases>\r\n");
          out.write("    <caught_stealing>" + stats[14] + "</caught_stealing>\r\n");
          out.write("    <sacrifice_hits>" + stats[15] + "</sacrifice_hits>\r\n");
          out.write("    <sacrifice_flies>" + stats[16] + "</sacrifice_flies>\r\n");
          out.write("    <errors>" + stats[17] + "</errors>\r\n");
          out.write("    <passed_by_ball>" + stats[18] + "</passed_by_ball>\r\n");
          out.write("    <walks>" + stats[19] + "</walks>\r\n");
          out.write("    <strike_outs>" + stats[20] + "</strike_outs>\r\n");
          out.write("    <hit_by_pitch>" + stats[21] + "</hit_by_pitch>\r\n");
        out.write("  </player>\r\n");
      }  
      out.write("</players>\r\n");  
      out.close();
      in.close();
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
      System.err.println(e);
    }
    catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
      System.out.println("Usage: java BaseballTabToXML input_file.tab");
    }

  }

  public static String[] splitLine(String playerStats) {
    
    // count the number of tabs
    int numTabs = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < playerStats.length(); i++) {
      if (playerStats.charAt(i) == '\t') numTabs++;
    }
    int numFields = numTabs + 1;
    String[] fields = new String[numFields];
    int position = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < numFields; i++) {
      StringBuffer field = new StringBuffer();
      while (position < playerStats.length() 
       && playerStats.charAt(position++) != '\t') {
        field.append(playerStats.charAt(position-1));
      }
      fields[i] = field.toString();
    }    
    return fields;
    
  }

}

Baseball Stats in XML

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<players>
  <player>
    <first_name>FirstName</first_name>
    <surname>Surname</surname>
    <games_played>Games Played</games_played>
    <at_bats>AtBats</at_bats>
    <runs>Runs</runs>
    <hits>Hits</hits>
    <doubles>Doubles</doubles>
    <triples>Triples</triples>
    <home_runs>Home runs</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>RBI</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>Caught Stealing</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>Sacrifice Hits</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>Sacrifice Flies</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>Errors</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>PB</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>Walks</walks>
    <strike_outs>Strike outs</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>Hit by pitch</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Garret </first_name>
    <surname>Anderson</surname>
    <games_played>156</games_played>
    <at_bats>622</at_bats>
    <runs>62</runs>
    <hits>183</hits>
    <doubles>41</doubles>
    <triples>7</triples>
    <home_runs>15</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>79</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>3</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>3</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>3</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>6</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>29</walks>
    <strike_outs>80</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>1</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Justin </first_name>
    <surname>Baughman</surname>
    <games_played>62</games_played>
    <at_bats>196</at_bats>
    <runs>24</runs>
    <hits>50</hits>
    <doubles>9</doubles>
    <triples>1</triples>
    <home_runs>1</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>20</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>4</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>5</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>3</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>8</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>6</walks>
    <strike_outs>36</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>1</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Frank </first_name>
    <surname>Bolick</surname>
    <games_played>21</games_played>
    <at_bats>45</at_bats>
    <runs>3</runs>
    <hits>7</hits>
    <doubles>2</doubles>
    <triples>0</triples>
    <home_runs>1</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>2</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>0</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>0</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>0</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>0</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>11</walks>
    <strike_outs>8</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>0</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Gary </first_name>
    <surname>Disarcina</surname>
    <games_played>157</games_played>
    <at_bats>551</at_bats>
    <runs>73</runs>
    <hits>158</hits>
    <doubles>39</doubles>
    <triples>3</triples>
    <home_runs>3</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>56</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>7</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>12</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>3</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>14</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>21</walks>
    <strike_outs>51</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>8</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Jim </first_name>
    <surname>Edmonds</surname>
    <games_played>154</games_played>
    <at_bats>599</at_bats>
    <runs>115</runs>
    <hits>184</hits>
    <doubles>42</doubles>
    <triples>1</triples>
    <home_runs>25</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>91</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>5</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>1</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>1</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>5</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>57</walks>
    <strike_outs>114</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>1</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Darin </first_name>
    <surname>Erstad</surname>
    <games_played>133</games_played>
    <at_bats>537</at_bats>
    <runs>84</runs>
    <hits>159</hits>
    <doubles>39</doubles>
    <triples>3</triples>
    <home_runs>19</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>82</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>6</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>1</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>3</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>3</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>43</walks>
    <strike_outs>77</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>6</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Carlos </first_name>
    <surname>Garcia</surname>
    <games_played>19</games_played>
    <at_bats>35</at_bats>
    <runs>4</runs>
    <hits>5</hits>
    <doubles>1</doubles>
    <triples>0</triples>
    <home_runs>0</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>0</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>0</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>1</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>0</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>1</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>3</walks>
    <strike_outs>11</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>1</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Troy </first_name>
    <surname>Glaus</surname>
    <games_played>48</games_played>
    <at_bats>165</at_bats>
    <runs>19</runs>
    <hits>36</hits>
    <doubles>9</doubles>
    <triples>0</triples>
    <home_runs>1</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>23</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>0</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>0</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>2</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>7</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>15</walks>
    <strike_outs>51</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>0</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Todd </first_name>
    <surname>Greene</surname>
    <games_played>29</games_played>
    <at_bats>71</at_bats>
    <runs>3</runs>
    <hits>18</hits>
    <doubles>4</doubles>
    <triples>0</triples>
    <home_runs>1</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>7</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>0</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>0</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>0</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>0</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>2</walks>
    <strike_outs>20</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>0</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Eric </first_name>
    <surname>Helfand</surname>
    <games_played>0</games_played>
    <at_bats>0</at_bats>
    <runs>0</runs>
    <hits>0</hits>
    <doubles>0</doubles>
    <triples>0</triples>
    <home_runs>0</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>0</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>0</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>0</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>0</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>0</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>0</walks>
    <strike_outs>0</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>0</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Dave </first_name>
    <surname>Hollins</surname>
    <games_played>101</games_played>
    <at_bats>363</at_bats>
    <runs>60</runs>
    <hits>88</hits>
    <doubles>16</doubles>
    <triples>2</triples>
    <home_runs>11</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>39</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>3</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>2</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>2</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>17</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>44</walks>
    <strike_outs>69</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>7</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Gregg </first_name>
    <surname>Jefferies</surname>
    <games_played>19</games_played>
    <at_bats>72</at_bats>
    <runs>7</runs>
    <hits>25</hits>
    <doubles>6</doubles>
    <triples>0</triples>
    <home_runs>1</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>10</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>0</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>0</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>0</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>0</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>0</walks>
    <strike_outs>5</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>0</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Mark </first_name>
    <surname>Johnson</surname>
    <games_played>10</games_played>
    <at_bats>14</at_bats>
    <runs>1</runs>
    <hits>1</hits>
    <doubles>0</doubles>
    <triples>0</triples>
    <home_runs>0</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>0</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>0</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>0</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>0</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>0</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>0</walks>
    <strike_outs>6</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>0</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Chad </first_name>
    <surname>Kreuter</surname>
    <games_played>96</games_played>
    <at_bats>252</at_bats>
    <runs>27</runs>
    <hits>63</hits>
    <doubles>10</doubles>
    <triples>1</triples>
    <home_runs>2</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>33</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>0</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>5</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>1</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>9</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>5</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>33</walks>
    <strike_outs>49</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>3</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Norberto </first_name>
    <surname>Martin</surname>
    <games_played>79</games_played>
    <at_bats>195</at_bats>
    <runs>20</runs>
    <hits>42</hits>
    <doubles>2</doubles>
    <triples>0</triples>
    <home_runs>1</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>13</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>1</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>3</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>2</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>4</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>6</walks>
    <strike_outs>29</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>0</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Damon </first_name>
    <surname>Mashore</surname>
    <games_played>43</games_played>
    <at_bats>98</at_bats>
    <runs>13</runs>
    <hits>23</hits>
    <doubles>6</doubles>
    <triples>0</triples>
    <home_runs>2</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>11</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>0</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>1</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>0</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>0</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>9</walks>
    <strike_outs>22</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>3</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Ben </first_name>
    <surname>Molina</surname>
    <games_played>2</games_played>
    <at_bats>1</at_bats>
    <runs>0</runs>
    <hits>0</hits>
    <doubles>0</doubles>
    <triples>0</triples>
    <home_runs>0</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>0</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>0</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>0</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>0</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>0</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>0</walks>
    <strike_outs>0</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>0</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Phil </first_name>
    <surname>Nevin</surname>
    <games_played>75</games_played>
    <at_bats>237</at_bats>
    <runs>27</runs>
    <hits>54</hits>
    <doubles>8</doubles>
    <triples>1</triples>
    <home_runs>8</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>27</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>0</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>0</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>2</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>5</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>20</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>17</walks>
    <strike_outs>67</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>5</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Charlie </first_name>
    <surname>Obrien</surname>
    <games_played>62</games_played>
    <at_bats>175</at_bats>
    <runs>13</runs>
    <hits>45</hits>
    <doubles>9</doubles>
    <triples>0</triples>
    <home_runs>4</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>18</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>0</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>3</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>3</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>4</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>1</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>10</walks>
    <strike_outs>33</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>2</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Orlando </first_name>
    <surname>Palmeiro</surname>
    <games_played>74</games_played>
    <at_bats>165</at_bats>
    <runs>28</runs>
    <hits>53</hits>
    <doubles>7</doubles>
    <triples>2</triples>
    <home_runs>0</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>21</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>4</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>7</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>0</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>0</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>20</walks>
    <strike_outs>11</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>0</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Chris </first_name>
    <surname>Pritchett</surname>
    <games_played>31</games_played>
    <at_bats>80</at_bats>
    <runs>12</runs>
    <hits>23</hits>
    <doubles>2</doubles>
    <triples>1</triples>
    <home_runs>2</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>8</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>0</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>0</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>0</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>1</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>4</walks>
    <strike_outs>16</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>0</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Tim </first_name>
    <surname>Salmon</surname>
    <games_played>136</games_played>
    <at_bats>463</at_bats>
    <runs>84</runs>
    <hits>139</hits>
    <doubles>28</doubles>
    <triples>1</triples>
    <home_runs>26</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>88</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>1</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>0</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>10</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>2</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>90</walks>
    <strike_outs>100</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>3</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Craig </first_name>
    <surname>Shipley</surname>
    <games_played>77</games_played>
    <at_bats>147</at_bats>
    <runs>18</runs>
    <hits>38</hits>
    <doubles>7</doubles>
    <triples>1</triples>
    <home_runs>2</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>17</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>4</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>4</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>1</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>3</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>5</walks>
    <strike_outs>22</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>5</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Randy </first_name>
    <surname>Velarde</surname>
    <games_played>51</games_played>
    <at_bats>188</at_bats>
    <runs>29</runs>
    <hits>49</hits>
    <doubles>13</doubles>
    <triples>1</triples>
    <home_runs>4</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>26</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>2</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>0</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>1</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>4</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>34</walks>
    <strike_outs>42</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>1</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Matt </first_name>
    <surname>Walbeck</surname>
    <games_played>108</games_played>
    <at_bats>338</at_bats>
    <runs>41</runs>
    <hits>87</hits>
    <doubles>15</doubles>
    <triples>2</triples>
    <home_runs>6</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>46</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>1</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>5</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>5</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>7</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>8</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>30</walks>
    <strike_outs>68</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>2</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Reggie </first_name>
    <surname>Williams</surname>
    <games_played>29</games_played>
    <at_bats>36</at_bats>
    <runs>7</runs>
    <hits>13</hits>
    <doubles>1</doubles>
    <triples>0</triples>
    <home_runs>1</home_runs>
    <stolen_bases>5</stolen_bases>
    <caught_stealing>3</caught_stealing>
    <sacrifice_hits>1</sacrifice_hits>
    <sacrifice_flies>0</sacrifice_flies>
    <errors>0</errors>
    <passed_by_ball>0</passed_by_ball>
    <walks>7</walks>
    <strike_outs>11</strike_outs>
    <hit_by_pitch>1</hit_by_pitch>
  </player>
</players>

Converting data to XML while Processing it

import java.io.*;
import java.text.*;
import java.util.*;

public class BattingAverage {

  public static void main(String[] args) {

    try {
      FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(args[0]);
      BufferedReader in
       = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fin));

      FileOutputStream fout
       = new FileOutputStream("battingaverages.xml");
      OutputStreamWriter out
       = new OutputStreamWriter(fout, "UTF-8");
      out.write("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\r\n");
      out.write("<players>\r\n");
      String playerStats;

      // for formatting batting averages
      DecimalFormat averages = (DecimalFormat)
        NumberFormat.getNumberInstance(Locale.US);
      averages.setMaximumFractionDigits(3);
      averages.setMinimumFractionDigits(3);
      averages.setMinimumIntegerDigits(0);

      while ((playerStats = in.readLine()) != null) {
        String[] stats = splitLine(playerStats);

        String formattedAverage;
        try {
          int atBats         = Integer.parseInt(stats[6]);
          int hits           = Integer.parseInt(stats[8]);
          int walks          = Integer.parseInt(stats[19]);
          int hitByPitch     = Integer.parseInt(stats[21]);
          int sacrificeFlies = Integer.parseInt(stats[16]);
          int sacrificeHits  = Integer.parseInt(stats[15]);

          int officialAtBats
           = atBats - walks - hitByPitch - sacrificeHits;
          if (officialAtBats <= 0) formattedAverage = "N/A";
          else {
            double average = hits / (double) officialAtBats;
            formattedAverage = averages.format(average);
          }
        }
        catch (Exception e) {
          // skip this player
          continue;
        }

        out.write("  <player>\r\n");
        out.write("    <first_name>" + stats[1] + "</first_name>\r\n");
        out.write("    <surname>" + stats[0] + "</surname>\r\n");
        out.write("    <batting_average>" + formattedAverage
         + "</batting_average>\r\n");
        out.write("  </player>\r\n");
      }
      out.write("</players>\r\n");
      out.close();
      in.close();
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
      System.err.println(e);
    }
    catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
      System.out.println("Usage: java BattingAverage input_file.tab");
    }

  }

  public static String[] splitLine(String playerStats) {

    // count the number of tabs
    int numTabs = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < playerStats.length(); i++) {
      if (playerStats.charAt(i) == '\t') numTabs++;
    }
    int numFields = numTabs + 1;
    String[] fields = new String[numFields];
    int position = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < numFields; i++) {
      StringBuffer field = new StringBuffer();
      while (position < playerStats.length()
       && playerStats.charAt(position++) != '\t') {
        field.append(playerStats.charAt(position-1));
      }
      fields[i] = field.toString();
    }
    return fields;

  }

}

Batting Averages in XML

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<players>
  <player>
    <first_name>Garret </first_name>
    <surname>Anderson</surname>
    <batting_average>.311</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Justin </first_name>
    <surname>Baughman</surname>
    <batting_average>.272</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Frank </first_name>
    <surname>Bolick</surname>
    <batting_average>.206</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Gary </first_name>
    <surname>Disarcina</surname>
    <batting_average>.310</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Jim </first_name>
    <surname>Edmonds</surname>
    <batting_average>.341</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Darin </first_name>
    <surname>Erstad</surname>
    <batting_average>.326</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Carlos </first_name>
    <surname>Garcia</surname>
    <batting_average>.167</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Troy </first_name>
    <surname>Glaus</surname>
    <batting_average>.240</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Todd </first_name>
    <surname>Greene</surname>
    <batting_average>.261</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Eric </first_name>
    <surname>Helfand</surname>
    <batting_average>N/A</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Dave </first_name>
    <surname>Hollins</surname>
    <batting_average>.284</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Gregg </first_name>
    <surname>Jefferies</surname>
    <batting_average>.347</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Mark </first_name>
    <surname>Johnson</surname>
    <batting_average>.071</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Chad </first_name>
    <surname>Kreuter</surname>
    <batting_average>.299</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Norberto </first_name>
    <surname>Martin</surname>
    <batting_average>.226</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Damon </first_name>
    <surname>Mashore</surname>
    <batting_average>.271</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Ben </first_name>
    <surname>Molina</surname>
    <batting_average>.000</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Phil </first_name>
    <surname>Nevin</surname>
    <batting_average>.251</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Charlie </first_name>
    <surname>Obrien</surname>
    <batting_average>.281</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Orlando </first_name>
    <surname>Palmeiro</surname>
    <batting_average>.384</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Chris </first_name>
    <surname>Pritchett</surname>
    <batting_average>.303</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Tim </first_name>
    <surname>Salmon</surname>
    <batting_average>.376</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Craig </first_name>
    <surname>Shipley</surname>
    <batting_average>.286</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Randy </first_name>
    <surname>Velarde</surname>
    <batting_average>.320</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Matt </first_name>
    <surname>Walbeck</surname>
    <batting_average>.289</batting_average>
  </player>
  <player>
    <first_name>Reggie </first_name>
    <surname>Williams</surname>
    <batting_average>.481</batting_average>
  </player>
</players>

The point is this:


To learn more about streams and readers and writers



Part II: Reading XML Documents with SAX


SAX


SAX Parsers for Java

Parser URL Validating Namespaces DOM1 DOM2 SAX1 SAX2 License
Apache XML Project's Xerces Java http://xml.apache.org/xerces-j/index.html X X X X X X Apache Software License, Version 1.1
IBM's XML for Java http://www.alphaworks.ibm.com/formula/xml X X X X X X License
James Clark's XP http://www.jclark.com/xml/xp/index.html      X  Modified BSD
Microstar's Ælfred http://home.pacbell.net/david-b/xml/ Namespaces DOM1DOM2SAX1SAX2open source
Silfide's SXP http://www.loria.fr/projets/XSilfide/EN/sxp/    X   X  Non-GPL viral open source license
Sun's Java API for XML http://java.sun.com/products/xml X X X   X   free beer
Oracle's XML Parser for Java http://technet.oracle.com/ X X X   X  free beer

SAX1


SAX2


The SAX2 Process

  1. Use the factory method XMLReaderFactory.createXMLReader() to retrieve a parser-specific implementation of the XMLReader interface

  2. Your code registers a ContentHandler with the parser

  3. An InputSource feeds the document into the parser

  4. As the document is read, the parser calls back to the methods of the ContentHandler to tell it what it's seeing in the document.


Making an XMLReader


Parsing a Document with XMLReader

import org.xml.sax.*;
import org.xml.sax.helpers.*;
import java.io.*;


public class SAX2Checker {

  public static void main(String[] args) {

    XMLReader parser;
    try {
      parser = XMLReaderFactory.createXMLReader();
    }
    catch (SAXException ex) {
      try {
        parser = XMLReaderFactory.createXMLReader(
         "org.apache.xerces.parsers.SAXParser");
      }
      catch (SAXException ex2) {
        System.out.println("Could not locate a parser."
         + "Please set the the org.xml.sax.driver property.");
        return;
      }
    }

    if (args.length == 0) {
      System.out.println("Usage: java SAX2Checker URL1 URL2...");
    }

    // start parsing...
    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {

      // command line should offer URIs or file names
      try {
        parser.parse(args[i]);
        // If there are no well-formedness errors
        // then no exception is thrown
        System.out.println(args[i] + " is well formed.");
      }
      catch (SAXParseException e) { // well-formedness error
        System.out.println(args[i] + " is not well formed.");
        System.out.println(e.getMessage()
         + " at line " + e.getLineNumber()
         + ", column " + e.getColumnNumber());
      }
      catch (SAXException e) { // some other kind of error
        System.out.println(e.getMessage());
      }
      catch (IOException e) {
        System.out.println("Could not check " + args[i]
         + " because of the IOException " + e);
      }

    }

  }

}

Sample Output from SAX2Checker

C:\>java SAX2Checker http://www.ibiblio.org/xml/
http://www.ibiblio.org/xml/ is not well formed.
The element type "dt" must be terminated by the 
matching end-tag "</dt>". 
at line 186, column 5

The ContentHandler interface

package org.xml.sax;


public interface ContentHandler {

    public void setDocumentLocator(Locator locator);
    
    public void startDocument() throws SAXException;
    
    public void endDocument() throws SAXException;
    
    public void startPrefixMapping(String prefix, String uri) 
     throws SAXException;

    public void endPrefixMapping(String prefix) throws SAXException;

    public void startElement(String namespaceURI, String localName,
         String qualifiedName, Attributes atts) throws SAXException;

    public void endElement(String namespaceURI, String localName,
     String qualifiedName) throws SAXException;

    public void characters(char[] text, int start, int length) 
     throws SAXException;

    public void ignorableWhitespace(char[] text, int start, int length)
     throws SAXException;

    public void processingInstruction(String target, String data)
     throws SAXException;

    public void skippedEntity(String name) throws SAXException;
     
}

SAX2 Event Reporter

import org.xml.sax.*;
import org.xml.sax.helpers.*;
import java.io.*;

public class EventReporter implements ContentHandler {

  public void setDocumentLocator(Locator locator) {
    System.out.println("setDocumentLocator(" + locator + ")");         
  }
  
  public void startDocument() throws SAXException {
    System.out.println("startDocument()"); 
  }

  public void endDocument() throws SAXException {
    System.out.println("endDocument()"); 
  }
  
  public void startElement(String namespaceURI, String localName, String qName, Attributes atts)
   throws SAXException {
    namespaceURI = '"' + namespaceURI + '"';
    localName = '"' + localName + '"';
    qName = '"' + qName + '"';
    String attributeString = "{";
    for (int i = 0; i < atts.getLength(); i++) {
      attributeString += atts.getQName(i) + "=\"" + atts.getValue(i) + "\"";
      if (i != atts.getLength()-1) attributeString += ", ";
    }
    attributeString += "}";
    System.out.println("startElement(" + namespaceURI + ", " + localName + ", " 
    + qName + ", " + attributeString + ")"); 
  }
  
  public void endElement(String namespaceURI, String localName, String qName) 
   throws SAXException {
    namespaceURI = '"' + namespaceURI + '"';
    localName = '"' + localName + '"';
    qName = '"' + qName + '"';
    System.out.println("endElement(" + namespaceURI + ", " + localName + ", " 
    + qName + ")"); 
  }
  
  public void characters(char[] text, int start, int length) 
   throws SAXException {
    String textString = "[" + new String(text) + "]";
    System.out.println("characters(" + textString + ", " + start + ", " +  length + ")"); 
  }
  
  public void ignorableWhitespace(char[] text, int start, int length)
   throws SAXException {
    System.out.println("ignorableWhitespace()"); 
  }
  
  public void processingInstruction(String target, String data)
   throws SAXException {
    System.out.println("processingInstruction(" + target + ", " + data + ")"); 
  }

  public void startPrefixMapping(String prefix, String uri) 
   throws SAXException {
    System.out.println("startPrefixMapping(\"" + prefix + "\", \"" + uri + "\")");         
  }
  
  public void endPrefixMapping(String prefix) throws SAXException {
    System.out.println("endPrefixMapping(\"" + prefix + "\")");                 
  }

  public void skippedEntity(String name) throws SAXException {
    System.out.println("skippedEntity(" + name + ")");                         
  }

  // Could easily have put main() method in a separate class
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    XMLReader parser;
    try {
     parser = XMLReaderFactory.createXMLReader();
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      // fall back on Xerces parser by name
      try {
        parser = XMLReaderFactory.createXMLReader(
         "org.apache.xerces.parsers.SAXParser");
      }
      catch (Exception ee) {
        System.err.println("Couldn't locate a SAX parser");
        return;          
      }
    }

     
    if (args.length == 0) {
      System.out.println(
       "Usage: java EventReporter URL1 URL2..."); 
    } 
      
    // Install the Document Handler      
    parser.setContentHandler(new EventReporter());
    
    // start parsing... 
    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      
      // command line should offer URIs or file names
      try {
        parser.parse(args[i]);
      }
      catch (SAXParseException e) { // well-formedness error
        System.out.println(args[i] + " is not well formed.");
        System.out.println(e.getMessage()
         + " at line " + e.getLineNumber() 
         + ", column " + e.getColumnNumber());
      }
      catch (SAXException e) { // some other kind of error
        System.out.println(e.getMessage());
      }
      catch (IOException e) {
        System.out.println("Could not report on " + args[i] 
         + " because of the IOException " + e);
      }
      
    }  
  
  }

}

Event Reporter Output

View in Browser

A Sample Application

Full list

Goal: Return a list of all the URLs in this list as java.net.URL objects

Design Decisions


SAX Design


User Interface Class

import org.xml.sax.*;
import org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLReaderFactory;
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;


public class WeblogsSAX {
     
  public static List listChannels() 
   throws IOException, SAXException {
    return listChannels(
     "http://static.userland.com/weblogMonitor/logs.xml"); 
  }
  
  public static List listChannels(String uri) 
   throws IOException, SAXException {
    
    XMLReader parser;
    try {
      parser = XMLReaderFactory.createXMLReader();
    }
    catch (SAXException ex) {
      parser = XMLReaderFactory.createXMLReader(
       "org.apache.xerces.parsers.SAXParser"
      );
    }
    Vector urls = new Vector(1000);
    ContentHandler handler = new URIGrabber(urls);
    parser.setContentHandler(handler);
    parser.parse(uri);
    return urls;
    
  }
  
  public static void main(String[] args) {
   
    try {
      List urls;
      if (args.length > 0) urls = listChannels(args[0]);
      else urls = listChannels();
      Iterator iterator = urls.iterator();
      while (iterator.hasNext()) {
        System.out.println(iterator.next()); 
      }
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
      System.err.println(e); 
    }
    catch (SAXParseException e) {
      System.err.println(e); 
      System.err.println("at line " + e.getLineNumber() 
       + ", column " + e.getColumnNumber()); 
    }
    catch (SAXException e) {
      System.err.println(e); 
    }
    catch (/* Unexpected */ Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace(); 
    }
    
  }
  
}

ContentHandler Class

import org.xml.sax.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.Vector;

             // conflicts with java.net.ContentHandler
class URIGrabber implements org.xml.sax.ContentHandler {

  private Vector urls;

  URIGrabber(Vector urls) {
    this.urls = urls;
  }

  // do nothing methods
  public void setDocumentLocator(Locator locator) {}
  public void startDocument() throws SAXException {}
  public void endDocument() throws SAXException {}
  public void startPrefixMapping(String prefix, String uri)
   throws SAXException {}
  public void endPrefixMapping(String prefix) throws SAXException {}
  public void skippedEntity(String name) throws SAXException {}
  public void ignorableWhitespace(char[] text, int start, int length)
   throws SAXException {}
  public void processingInstruction(String target, String data)
   throws SAXException {}


  // Remember, there's no guarantee all the text of the
  // url element will be returned in a single call to characters
  private StringBuffer urlBuffer;
  private boolean collecting = false;

  public void startElement(String namespaceURI, String localName,
   String qualifiedName, Attributes atts) throws SAXException {

    if (qualifiedName.equals("url")) {
      collecting = true;
      urlBuffer = new StringBuffer();
    }

  }

  public void characters(char[] text, int start, int length)
   throws SAXException {

    if (collecting) {
      urlBuffer.append(text, start, length);
    }

  }

  public void endElement(String namespaceURI, String localName,
   String qualifiedName) throws SAXException {

    if (qualifiedName.equals("url")) {
      collecting = false;
      String url = urlBuffer.toString();
      try {
        urls.addElement(new URL(url));
      }
      catch (MalformedURLException e) {
        // skip this url
      }
    }

  }

}

Weblogs Output

% java Weblogs shortlogs.xml
http://www.mozillazine.org
http://www.salonherringwiredfool.com/
http://www.slashdot.org/

Features and Properties


Feature/Property SAXExceptions

SAXNotRecognizedException
the parser does not recognize a requested feature or property
SAXNotSupportedException
the parser does not support a requested feature/property or the feature/property is read-only

Required Features


Core Features

adapted from SAX2 documentation by David Megginson


Turning on Validation


Three Levels of Errors

In increasing order of severity:

  1. A warning; e.g. ambiguous content model, a constraint for compatibility

  2. A recoverable error: typically a validity error

  3. A fatal error: typically a well-formedness error


The ErrorHandler interface

package org.xml.sax;

public interface ErrorHandler {
 
  public void warning(SAXParseException exception)
   throws SAXException;

  public void error(SAXParseException exception)
   throws SAXException;
    
  public void fatalError(SAXParseException exception)
   throws SAXException;
    
}

An ErrorHandler for Reporting Validity Errors

import org.xml.sax.*;
import java.io.*;


public class ValidityErrorReporter implements ErrorHandler {
 
  Writer out;
 
  public ValidityErrorReporter(Writer out) {
    this.out = out;
  }
 
  public ValidityErrorReporter() {
    this(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out));
  }
 
  public void warning(SAXParseException ex)
   throws SAXException {

    try {
      out.write(ex.getMessage() + "\r\n");
      out.write(" at line " + ex.getLineNumber() + ", column " 
       + ex.getColumnNumber() + "\r\n");
      out.flush();
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
      throw new SAXException(e); 
    }
    
  }

  public void error(SAXParseException ex)
   throws SAXException {
    
    try {
      out.write(ex.getMessage() + "\r\n");
      out.write(" at line " + ex.getLineNumber() + ", column " 
       + ex.getColumnNumber() + "\r\n");
      out.flush();
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
      throw new SAXException(e); 
    }
    
  }
    
  public void fatalError(SAXParseException ex)
   throws SAXException {
    
    try {
      out.write(ex.getMessage() + "\r\n");
      out.write(" at line " + ex.getLineNumber() + ", column " 
       + ex.getColumnNumber() + "\r\n");
      out.flush();
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
      throw new SAXException(e); 
    }
    
  }
    
}

Validating

import org.xml.sax.*;
import org.xml.sax.helpers.*;
import org.apache.xerces.parsers.*; 
import java.io.*;


public class SAX2Validator {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    XMLReader parser;
    try {
      parser = XMLReaderFactory.createXMLReader();
    }
    catch (SAXException ex) {
      try {
        parser = XMLReaderFactory.createXMLReader(
         "org.apache.xerces.parsers.SAXParser"
        );
      }
      catch (SAXException ex2) {
        System.err.println("Could not locate a SAX2 Parser");
        return;
      }
    }
     
    // turn on validation
    try {
      parser.setFeature(
       "http://xml.org/sax/features/validation", true);
      parser.setErrorHandler(new ValidityErrorReporter());
    }
    catch (SAXNotRecognizedException e) {
      System.err.println(
       "Installed XML parser cannot validate;"
       + " checking for well-formedness instead...");
    } 
    catch (SAXNotSupportedException e) {
      System.err.println(
       "Cannot turn on validation here; "
       + "checking for well-formedness instead...");
    } 
     
    if (args.length == 0) {
      System.out.println("Usage: java SAX2Validator URL1 URL2..."); 
    } 
      
    // start parsing... 
    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      
      // command line should offer URIs or file names
      try {
        parser.parse(args[i]);
        // If there are no well-formedness errors, 
        // then no exception is thrown
        System.out.println(args[i] + " is well formed.");
      }
      catch (SAXParseException e) { // well-formedness error
        System.out.println(args[i] + " is not well formed.");
        System.out.println(e.getMessage()
         + " at line " + e.getLineNumber() 
         + ", column " + e.getColumnNumber());
      }
      catch (SAXException e) { // some other kind of error
        System.out.println(e.getMessage());
      }
      catch (IOException e) {
        System.out.println("Could not check " + args[i] 
         + " because of the IOException " + e);
      }
      
    }  
  
  }

}

Core Properties

adapted from SAX2 documentation by David Megginson


Nonstandard Features in Xerces


Nonstandard Properties in Xerces


Properties for Extension Handlers


Handling Attributes in SAX2


Attributes Example

import org.xml.sax.*;
import org.apache.xerces.parsers.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import org.xml.sax.helpers.*;


public class XLinkSpider extends DefaultHandler {

  public static Enumeration listURIs(String systemId) 
   throws SAXException, IOException {
    
    // set up the parser 
    XMLReader parser;
    try {
      parser = XMLReaderFactory.createXMLReader();
    } 
    catch (SAXException e) {
      try {
        parser = XMLReaderFactory.createXMLReader(
         "org.apache.xerces.parsers.SAXParser");
      }
      catch (SAXException e2) {
        System.err.println("Error: could not locate a parser.");
        return null;
      }
    }
      
    // Install the Content Handler   
    XLinkSpider spider = new XLinkSpider();   
    parser.setContentHandler(spider);
    parser.parse(systemId);
    return spider.uris.elements();
      
  }
  
  private Vector uris = new Vector();

  public void startElement(String namespaceURI, String localName, 
   String rawName, Attributes atts) throws SAXException {
    
     String uri = atts.getValue(
      "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink", "href");
     if (uri != null) uris.addElement(uri);
    
  }
  

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    if (args.length == 0) {
      System.out.println("Usage: java XLinkSpider URL1 URL2..."); 
    } 
      
    // start parsing... 
    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      
      try {
        Enumeration uris = listURIs(args[i]);
        while (uris.hasMoreElements()) {
          String s = (String) uris.nextElement();
          System.out.println(s);
        }
      }
      catch (Exception e) {
        System.err.println(e);
        e.printStackTrace(); 
      }
      
    } // end for
  
  } // end main

} // end XLinkSpider

InputSource


The InputSource interface

package org.xml.sax;

import java.io.*;

public class InputSource {

  public InputSource() 
  public InputSource(String systemID) 
  public InputSource(InputStream in)
  public InputSource(Reader in)

  public void   setPublicId(String publicID)
  public String getPublicId()
  public void   setSystemId(String systemID)
  public String getSystemId()

  public void        setByteStream(InputStream byteStream)
  public InputStream getByteStream()
  public void        setEncoding(String encoding)
  public String      getEncoding()
  public void        setCharacterStream(Reader characterStream)
  public Reader      getCharacterStream()

}

Example of InputSource

import org.xml.sax;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.zip.*;
...
try {

  URL u = new URL(
   "http://www.ibiblio.org/xml/examples/1998validstats.xml.gz"); 
  InputStream raw = u.openStream();
  InputStream decompressed = new GZIPInputStream(in);
  InputSource in = new InputSource(decompressed);
  // read the document... 

}
catch (IOException e) {
  System.err.println(e);
}
catch (SAXException e) {
  System.err.println(e);
}

What SAX2 doesn't do


Event Based API Caveats


To Learn More



Part III: DOM, The Document Object Model


Trees


Document Object Model


DOM Evolution


DOM Parsers for Java


Eight Modules:


Which modules and features are supported?


Which modules are supported?

import org.apache.xerces.dom.*;
import org.w3c.dom.*;
import org.xml.sax.*;
import java.io.*;


public class ModuleChecker {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
     
    // parser dependent
    DOMImplementation implementation 
     = DOMImplementationImpl.getDOMImplementation();
    String[] features = {"XML", "HTML", "Views", "StyleSheets",
     "CSS", "CSS2", "Events", "UIEvents", "MouseEvents", 
     "MutationEvents", "HTMLEvents", "Traversal", "Range"};
    
    for (int i = 0; i < features.length; i++) {
      if (implementation.hasFeature(features[i], "2.0")) {
        System.out.println("Implementation supports " 
         + features[i]);
      } 
      else {
        System.out.println("Implementation does not support " 
         + features[i]);
      } 
    }
  
  }

}

Which modules are supported? Results

% java ModuleChecker
Implementation supports XML
Implementation does not support HTML
Implementation does not support Views
Implementation does not support StyleSheets
Implementation does not support CSS
Implementation does not support CSS2
Implementation supports Events
Implementation does not support UIEvents
Implementation does not support MouseEvents
Implementation supports MutationEvents
Implementation does not support HTMLEvents
Implementation supports Traversal
Implementation does not support Range

DOM Trees


org.w3c.dom


The DOM Process

  1. Library specific code creates a parser

  2. The parser parses the document and returns a DOM org.w3c.dom.Document object.

  3. The entire document is stored in memory.

  4. DOM methods and interfaces are used to extract data from this object


Parsing documents with a DOM Parser Example

import org.apache.xerces.parsers.*;
import org.w3c.dom.*;
import org.xml.sax.*;
import java.io.*;

public class DOMParserMaker {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
     
    // This is simpler but less flexible than the SAX approach.
    // Perhaps a good creational design pattern is needed here?   
  
    DOMParser parser = new DOMParser();
    
    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      try {
        // Read the entire document into memory
        parser.parse(args[i]); 
       
        Document d = parser.getDocument();
        // work with the document...
      }
      catch (SAXException e) {
        System.err.println(e); 
      }
      catch (IOException e) {
        System.err.println(e); 
      }
      
    }
   
  }

}

The Node Interface

package org.w3c.dom;

public interface Node {

  // NodeType
  public static final short ELEMENT_NODE                = 1;
  public static final short ATTRIBUTE_NODE              = 2;
  public static final short TEXT_NODE                   = 3;
  public static final short CDATA_SECTION_NODE          = 4;
  public static final short ENTITY_REFERENCE_NODE       = 5;
  public static final short ENTITY_NODE                 = 6;
  public static final short PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE = 7;
  public static final short COMMENT_NODE                = 8;
  public static final short DOCUMENT_NODE               = 9;
  public static final short DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE          = 10;
  public static final short DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE      = 11;
  public static final short NOTATION_NODE               = 12;

  public String       getNodeName();
  public String       getNodeValue() throws DOMException;
  public void         setNodeValue(String nodeValue) throws DOMException;
  public short        getNodeType();
  public Node         getParentNode();
  public NodeList     getChildNodes();
  public Node         getFirstChild();
  public Node         getLastChild();
  public Node         getPreviousSibling();
  public Node         getNextSibling();
  public NamedNodeMap getAttributes();
  public Document     getOwnerDocument();
  public Node         insertBefore(Node newChild, Node refChild) throws DOMException;
  public Node         replaceChild(Node newChild, Node oldChild) throws DOMException;
  public Node         removeChild(Node oldChild) throws DOMException;
  public Node         appendChild(Node newChild) throws DOMException;
  public boolean      hasChildNodes();
  public Node         cloneNode(boolean deep);
  public void         normalize();
  public boolean      supports(String feature, String version);
  public String       getNamespaceURI();
  public String       getPrefix();
  public void         setPrefix(String prefix) throws DOMException;
  public String       getLocalName();
}

The NodeList Interface

package org.w3c.dom;

public interface NodeList {
  public Node item(int index);
  public int  getLength();
}

Now we're really ready to read a document


Node Reporter

import org.apache.xerces.parsers.*;
import org.w3c.dom.*;
import org.xml.sax.*;
import java.io.*;


public class NodeReporter {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
     
    DOMParser parser = new DOMParser();
    NodeReporter iterator = new NodeReporter();
    
    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      try {
        // Read the entire document into memory
        parser.parse(args[i]); 
       
        Document doc = parser.getDocument();
        iterator.followNode(doc);
      }
      catch (SAXException e) {
        System.err.println(e); 
      }
      catch (IOException e) {
        System.err.println(e); 
      }
      
    }
  
  } // end main

  // note use of recursion
  public void followNode(Node node) {
    
    processNode(node);
    if (node.hasChildNodes()) {
      NodeList children = node.getChildNodes();
      for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength(); i++) {
        followNode(children.item(i));
      } 
    }
    
  }

  public void processNode(Node node) {
    
    String name = node.getNodeName();
    String type = getTypeName(node.getNodeType());
    System.out.println("Type " + type + ": " + name);
    
  }
  
  public static String getTypeName(int type) {
    
    switch (type) {
      case Node.ELEMENT_NODE: return "Element";
      case Node.ATTRIBUTE_NODE: return "Attribute";
      case Node.TEXT_NODE: return "Text";
      case Node.CDATA_SECTION_NODE: return "CDATA Section";
      case Node.ENTITY_REFERENCE_NODE: return "Entity Reference";
      case Node.ENTITY_NODE: return "Entity";
      case Node.PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE: return "Processing Instruction";
      case Node.COMMENT_NODE : return "Comment";
      case Node.DOCUMENT_NODE: return "Document";
      case Node.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE: return "Document Type Declaration";
      case Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE: return "Document Fragment";
      case Node.NOTATION_NODE: return "Notation";
      default: return "Unknown Type"; 
    }
    
  }

}

Node Reporter Output

% java NodeReporter hotcop.xml
Type Document: #document
Type Processing Instruction: xml-stylesheet
Type Document Type Declaration: SONG
Type Element: SONG
Type Text: #text
Type Element: TITLE
Type Text: #text
Type Text: #text
Type Element: PHOTO
Type Text: #text
Type Element: COMPOSER
Type Text: #text
Type Text: #text
Type Element: COMPOSER
Type Text: #text
Type Text: #text
Type Element: COMPOSER
Type Text: #text
Type Text: #text
Type Element: PRODUCER
Type Text: #text
Type Text: #text
Type Comment: #comment
Type Text: #text
Type Element: PUBLISHER
Type Text: #text
Type Text: #text
Type Element: LENGTH
Type Text: #text
Type Text: #text
Type Element: YEAR
Type Text: #text
Type Text: #text
Type Element: ARTIST
Type Text: #text
Type Text: #text
Type Comment: #comment

Attributes are missing from this output. They are not nodes. They are properties of nodes.


Node Values as returned by getNodeValue()

Node TypeNode Value
element nodenull
attribute nodeattribute value
text nodetext of the node
CDATA section nodetext of the section
entity reference nodenull
entity nodenull
processing instruction nodecontent of the processing instruction, not including the target
comment nodetext of the comment
document nodenull
document type declaration nodenull
document fragment nodenull
notation nodenull

The Document Node


The Document Interface

package org.w3c.dom;

  public interface Document extends Node {
  
    public DocumentType      getDoctype();
    public DOMImplementation getImplementation();
    public Element           getDocumentElement();
    public Element           createElement(String tagName) throws DOMException;
    public Element           createElementNS(String namespaceURI, String qualifiedName) throws DOMException;
    public DocumentFragment  createDocumentFragment();
    public Text              createTextNode(String data);
    public Comment           createComment(String data);
    public CDATASection      createCDATASection(String data) throws DOMException;
    public ProcessingInstruction createProcessingInstruction(String target, String data)
     throws DOMException;
    public Attr            createAttribute(String name) throws DOMException;
    public Attr            createAttributeNS(String namespaceURI, String qualifiedName) throws DOMException;
    public EntityReference createEntityReference(String name) throws DOMException;
    public NodeList        getElementsByTagName(String tagname);
    public NodeList        getElementsByTagNameNS(String namespaceURI, String localName);
    public Element         getElementById(String elementId);
    public Node            importNode(Node importedNode, boolean deep) throws DOMException;
    
}

A Sample Application

Full list

DOM Design


Weblogs with DOM

import org.w3c.dom.*;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.*;
import java.net.*;


public class WeblogsDOM {

  public static String DEFAULT_URL
   = "http://static.userland.com/weblogMonitor/logs.xml";

  public static List listChannels() throws DOMException {
    return listChannels(DEFAULT_URL);
  }

  public static List listChannels(String uri) throws DOMException {

    if (uri == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException("URL must be non-null");
    }

    org.apache.xerces.parsers.DOMParser parser
     = new org.apache.xerces.parsers.DOMParser();

    Vector urls = null;

    try {
      // Read the entire document into memory
      parser.parse(uri);
      Document doc = parser.getDocument();
      NodeList logs = doc.getElementsByTagName("url");

      urls = new Vector(logs.getLength());

      for (int i = 0; i < logs.getLength(); i++) {
        try {
          Node element = logs.item(i);
          Node text = element.getFirstChild();
          String content = text.getNodeValue();
          URL u = new URL(content);
          urls.addElement(u);
        }
        catch (MalformedURLException e) {
          // bad input data from one third party; just ignore it
        }
      }
    }
    catch (SAXException e) {
      System.err.println(e);
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
      System.err.println(e);
    }

    return urls;

  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {

    try {
      List urls;
      if (args.length > 0) {
        try {
          URL url = new URL(args[0]);
          urls = listChannels(args[0]);
        }
        catch (MalformedURLException e) {
          System.err.println("Usage: java WeblogsDOM url");
          return;
        }
      }
      else {
        urls = listChannels();
      }
      Iterator iterator = urls.iterator();
      while (iterator.hasNext()) {
        System.out.println(iterator.next());
      }
    }
    catch (/* Unexpected */ Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
    }

  } // end main

}

Weblogs Output

% java WeblogsDOM
http://2020Hindsight.editthispage.com/
http://www.sff.net/people/mitchw/weblog/weblog.htp
http://nate.weblogs.com/
http://plugins.launchpoint.net
http://404.psistorm.net
http://home.att.net/~geek9000
http://daubnet.tzo.com/weblog
several hundred more...

Element Nodes


The Element Interface

package org.w3c.dom;

public interface Element extends Node {

  public String    getTagName();

  public NodeList  getElementsByTagName(String name);
  public NodeList  getElementsByTagNameNS(String namespaceURI, String localName);

  public String    getAttribute(String name);
  public String    getAttributeNS(String namespaceURI, String localName);
  public void      setAttribute(String name, String value) throws DOMException;
  public void      setAttributeNS(String namespaceURI, String qualifiedName, String value) throws DOMException;
  public void      removeAttribute(String name) throws DOMException;
  public void      removeAttributeNS(String namespaceURI, String localName) throws DOMException;
  public Attr      getAttributeNode(String name);
  public Attr      getAttributeNodeNS(String namespaceURI, String localName);
  public Attr      setAttributeNode(Attr newAttr) throws DOMException;
  public Attr      setAttributeNodeNS(Attr newAttr) throws DOMException;
  public Attr      removeAttributeNode(Attr oldAttr) throws DOMException;

}

IDTagger

import org.apache.xerces.parsers.DOMParser;
import org.w3c.dom.*;
import org.xml.sax.*;
import java.io.IOException;
import org.apache.xml.serialize.*;


public class IDTagger {

  int id = 1;

  public void processNode(Node node) {
    
    if (node instanceof Element) {
      
      Element element = (Element) node;
      String currentID = element.getAttribute("ID");
      if (currentID == null || currentID.equals("")) {
        element.setAttribute("ID", "_" + id);
        id = id + 1; 
      }
    }
    
  }

  // note use of recursion
  public void followNode(Node node) {
    
    processNode(node);
    if (node.hasChildNodes()) {
      NodeList children = node.getChildNodes();
      for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength(); i++) {
        followNode(children.item(i));
      } 
    }
    
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
     
    DOMParser parser  = new DOMParser();
    IDTagger iterator = new IDTagger();
    
    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      try {
        // Read the entire document into memory
        parser.parse(args[i]); 
       
        Document document = parser.getDocument();
        iterator.followNode(document);
        
        // now we serialize the document...
        OutputFormat format = new OutputFormat(document);
        XMLSerializer serializer 
         = new XMLSerializer(System.out, format);
        serializer.serialize(document);       
        
      }
      catch (SAXException e) {
        System.err.println(e); 
      }
      catch (IOException e) {
        System.err.println(e); 
      }
      
    }
  
  } // end main

}

Output from IDTagger

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE SONG SYSTEM "song.dtd">
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="song.css"?>
<SONG ID="_1" xmlns="http://metalab.unc.edu/xml/namespace/song"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">   <TITLE ID="_2">Hot
Cop</TITLE>   <PHOTO ALT="Victor Willis in Cop Outfit" HEIGHT="200"
ID="_3" WIDTH="100" xlink:href="hotcop.jpg" xlink:show="onLoad"
xlink:type="simple"/>   <COMPOSER ID="_4">Jacques Morali</COMPOSER>
<COMPOSER ID="_5">Henri Belolo</COMPOSER>   <COMPOSER ID="_6">Victor
Willis</COMPOSER>   <PRODUCER ID="_7">Jacques Morali</PRODUCER>   <!--
The publisher is actually Polygram but I needed         an example of a
general entity reference. -->   <PUBLISHER ID="_8"
xlink:href="http://www.amrecords.com/" xlink:type="simple">     A &amp;
M Records   </PUBLISHER>   <LENGTH ID="_9">6:20</LENGTH>   <YEAR
ID="_10">1978</YEAR>   <ARTIST ID="_11">Village People</ARTIST> </SONG>
<!-- You can tell what album I was 
     listening to when I wrote this example -->
View Output in Browser

CharacterData interface


The CharacterData Interface

package org.w3c.dom;

public interface CharacterData extends Node {

  public String getData() throws DOMException;
  public void   setData(String data) throws DOMException;
  public int    getLength();
  public String substringData(int offset, int count) throws DOMException;
  public void   appendData(String arg) throws DOMException;
  public void   insertData(int offset, String arg) throws DOMException;
  public void   deleteData(int offset, int count) throws DOMException;
  public void   replaceData(int offset, int count, String arg) 
   throws DOMException;
  
}

ROT13 XML Text

import org.apache.xerces.parsers.DOMParser;
import org.apache.xml.serialize.*;
import org.w3c.dom.*;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
import java.io.IOException;


public class ROT13XML {

  public void processNode(Node node) {
    
    if (node instanceof CharacterData) {
      CharacterData text = (CharacterData) node;
      String data = text.getData();
      text.setData(rot13(data));
    }
    
  }

  // note use of recursion
  public void followNode(Node node) {
    
    processNode(node);
    if (node.hasChildNodes()) {
      NodeList children = node.getChildNodes();
      for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength(); i++) {
        followNode(children.item(i));
      } 
    }
    
  }
  
  public static String rot13(String s) {
    
    StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer(s.length());
    for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
      int c = s.charAt(i);
      if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'M') result.append((char) (c+13));
      else if (c >= 'N' && c <= 'Z') result.append((char) (c-13));
      else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'm') result.append((char) (c+13));
      else if (c >= 'n' && c <= 'z') result.append((char) (c-13));
      else result.append((char) c);
      
    } 
    return result.toString();
    
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
     
    DOMParser parser   = new DOMParser();
    ROT13XML  iterator = new ROT13XML();
    
    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      try {
        // Read the entire document into memory
        parser.parse(args[i]); 
       
        Document document = parser.getDocument();
        iterator.followNode(document);
        
        // now we serialize the document...
        OutputFormat format = new OutputFormat(document);
        XMLSerializer serializer 
         = new XMLSerializer(System.out, format);
        serializer.serialize(document);
               
      }
      catch (SAXException e) {
        System.err.println(e); 
      }
      catch (IOException e) {
        System.err.println(e); 
      }
      
    }
  
  } // end main

}

ROT13 XML Output

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE SONG SYSTEM "song.dtd">
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="song.css"?>
<SONG xmlns="http://metalab.unc.edu/xml/namespace/song"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">   <TITLE>Ubg Pbc</TITLE>
<PHOTO ALT="Victor Willis in Cop Outfit" HEIGHT="200" WIDTH="100"
xlink:href="hotcop.jpg" xlink:show="onLoad" xlink:type="simple"/>
<COMPOSER>Wnpdhrf Zbenyv</COMPOSER>   <COMPOSER>Uraev Orybyb</COMPOSER>
<COMPOSER>Ivpgbe Jvyyvf</COMPOSER>   <PRODUCER>Wnpdhrf Zbenyv</PRODUCER>
<!-- Gur choyvfure vf npghnyyl Cbyltenz ohg V arrqrq         na rknzcyr
bs n trareny ragvgl ersrerapr. -->   <PUBLISHER
xlink:href="http://www.amrecords.com/" xlink:type="simple">     N &amp;
Z Erpbeqf   </PUBLISHER>   <LENGTH>6:20</LENGTH>   <YEAR>1978</YEAR>
<ARTIST>Ivyyntr Crbcyr</ARTIST> </SONG>
<!-- Lbh pna gryy jung nyohz V jnf 
     yvfgravat gb jura V jebgr guvf rknzcyr -->

Text Nodes


The Text Interface

package org.w3c.dom;

public interface Text extends CharacterData {

  public Text splitText(int offset) throws DOMException;
  
}

CDATA section Nodes


The CDATASection Interface

package org.w3c.dom;

public interface CDATASection extends Text {
}

DocumentType Nodes


The DocumentType Interface

package org.w3c.dom;

public interface DocumentType extends Node {

  public String       getName();
  public NamedNodeMap getEntities();
  public NamedNodeMap getNotations();
  public String       getPublicId();
  public String       getSystemId();
  public String       getInternalSubset();
  
}

Example of the DocumentType Interface


XHTMLValidator

import org.w3c.dom.*;
import org.apache.xerces.parsers.*; 
import java.io.*;
import org.xml.sax.*;


public class XHTMLValidator {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      validate(args[i]);
    }   
    
  }

  private static DOMParser parser = new DOMParser();
  
  static {
    
    // turn on validation
    try {
      parser.setFeature(
       "http://xml.org/sax/features/validation", true);
      parser.setErrorHandler(new ValidityErrorReporter());
    }
    catch (SAXNotRecognizedException e) {
      System.err.println(
         "Installed XML parser cannot validate; "
       + "checking for well-formedness instead...");
    } 
    catch (SAXNotSupportedException e) {
      System.err.println(
       "Cannot turn on validation here; "
       + " checking for well-formedness instead...");
    }     
    
  }
  
  // not thread safe
  public static void validate(String source) {
        
    try {

      try {
        parser.parse(source); 
        // ValidityErrorReporter prints any validity errors detected
      }
      catch (SAXException e) {  
        System.out.println(source + " is not well formed."); 
        return; 
      }
      
      // If we get this far, then the document is well-formed XML.
      // Check to see whether the document is actually XHTML    
      Document document = parser.getDocument();
    
      DocumentType doctype = document.getDoctype();
    
      if (doctype == null) {
        System.out.println("No DOCTYPE"); 
        return;
      }

      String name     = doctype.getName();
      String systemID = doctype.getSystemId();
      String publicID = doctype.getPublicId();
      
      if (!name.equals("html")) {
        System.out.println("Incorrect root element name " + name); 
      }
    
      if (publicID == null
       || (!publicID.equals("-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN")
           && !publicID.equals(
                "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN")
           && !publicID.equals(
                "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN"))) {
        System.out.println(source 
         + " does not seem to use an XHTML 1.0 DTD");
      }
    
      // Check the namespace on the root element
      Element root = document.getDocumentElement();
      String xmlnsValue = root.getAttribute("xmlns");
      if (!xmlnsValue.equals("http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml")) {
        System.out.println(source 
         + " does not properly declare the"
         + " http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
         + " namespace on the root element");        
      }
    
      // get ready for the next parse
      parser.reset();
      
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
      System.err.println("Could not read " + source);
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      System.err.println(e);
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
    
  }

}

Attr Nodes


The Attr Interface

package org.w3c.dom;

public interface Attr extends Node {

  public String   getName();
  public boolean  getSpecified();
  public String   getValue();
  public void     setValue(String value) throws DOMException;
  public Element  getOwnerElement();
  
}

XLinkSpider with DOM

import org.xml.sax.*;
import org.apache.xerces.parsers.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import org.w3c.dom.*;


public class DOMSpider {

  private static DOMParser parser = new DOMParser();
  
  // namespace suport is turned off by default in Xerces
  static {
    try {
      parser.setFeature(
       "http://xml.org/sax/features/namespaces", true); 
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      System.err.println(e);
    }
  }
  
  private static Vector visited = new Vector();
  
  private static int maxDepth = 5;
  private static int currentDepth = 0; 
  
  public static void listURIs(String systemId) {
    
    currentDepth++;
    try {
      if (currentDepth < maxDepth) {
        parser.parse(systemId);
     
        Document document = parser.getDocument();   
    
        Vector uris = new Vector();
        // search the document for uris, 
        // store them in vector, and print them
        searchForURIs(document.getDocumentElement(), uris);
    
    
        Enumeration e = uris.elements();
        while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
          String uri = (String) e.nextElement();
          visited.addElement(uri);
          listURIs(uri); 
        }
      
      }
    
    }
    catch (SAXException e) {
      // couldn't load the document, 
      // probably not well-formed XML, skip it 
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
      // couldn't load the document, 
      // likely network failure, skip it 
    }
    finally { 
      currentDepth--;
      System.out.flush();     
    }
      
  }
  
  // use recursion 
  public static void searchForURIs(Element element, Vector uris) {
    
    // look for XLinks in this element
    String uri = element.getAttributeNS("http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink", "href");

    if (uri != null && !uri.equals("") 
         && !visited.contains(uri) 
         && !uris.contains(uri)) {
      System.out.println(uri);
      uris.addElement(uri);
    }
    
    // process child elements recursively
    NodeList children = element.getChildNodes();
    for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength(); i++) {
      Node n = children.item(i);
      if (n instanceof Element) {
        searchForURIs((Element) n, uris);
      } 
    }
    
  }
  

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    if (args.length == 0) {
      System.out.println("Usage: java DOMSpider URL1 URL2..."); 
    } 
      
    // start parsing... 
    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      
      try {
        listURIs(args[i]);
      }
      catch (Exception e) {
        System.err.println(e);
        e.printStackTrace(); 
      }
      
    } // end for
  
  } // end main

} // end DOMSpider

ProcessingInstruction Nodes


The ProcessingInstruction Interface

package org.w3c.dom;

public interface ProcessingInstruction extends Node {

  public String  getTarget();
  public String  getData();
  public void    setData(String data) throws DOMException;
  
}

XLinkSpider that Respects robots processing instruction

import org.xml.sax.*;
import org.apache.xerces.parsers.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import org.w3c.dom.*;


public class PoliteDOMSpider {

  private static DOMParser parser = new DOMParser();
  
  // namespace suport is turned off by default in Xerces
  static {
    try {
      parser.setFeature("http://xml.org/sax/features/namespaces", 
       true); 
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      System.err.println(e);
    }
  }
  
  private static Vector visited = new Vector();
  
  private static int maxDepth = 5;
  private static int currentDepth = 0; 
  
  public static void listURIs(String systemId) {
    
    currentDepth++;
    try {
      if (currentDepth < maxDepth) {
        parser.parse(systemId);
     
        Document document = parser.getDocument();   
    
        if (robotsAllowed(document)) {
          Vector uris = new Vector();
          // search the document for uris,
          // store them in vector, print them
          searchForURIs(document.getDocumentElement(), uris);
    
          Enumeration e = uris.elements();
          while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
            String uri = (String) e.nextElement();
            visited.addElement(uri);
            listURIs(uri); 
          }
          
        }
      
      }
    
    }
    catch (SAXException e) {
      // couldn't load the document, 
      // probably not well-formed XML, skip it 
    }
    catch (IOException e) {
      // couldn't load the document, 
      // likely network failure, skip it 
    }
    finally { 
      currentDepth--;
      System.out.flush();     
    }
      
  }
  
  public static boolean robotsAllowed(Document document) {
    
    NodeList children = document.getChildNodes();
    for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength(); i++) {
      Node n = children.item(i);
      if (n instanceof ProcessingInstruction) {
        ProcessingInstruction pi = (ProcessingInstruction) n;
        if (pi.getTarget().equals("robots")) {
          String data = pi.getData();
          if (data.indexOf("follow=\"no\"") >= 0) {
            return false; 
          } 
        }
      }
    }
    
    return true;
    
  }
  
  
  // use recursion 
  public static void searchForURIs(Element element, Vector uris) {
    
    // look for XLinks in this element
    String uri = element.getAttributeNS("http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink", "href");

    if (uri != null && !uri.equals("") 
         && !visited.contains(uri) 
         && !uris.contains(uri)) {
      System.out.println(uri);
      uris.addElement(uri);
    }
    
    // process child elements recursively
    NodeList children = element.getChildNodes();
    for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength(); i++) {
      Node n = children.item(i);
      if (n instanceof Element) {
        searchForURIs((Element) n, uris);
      } 
    }
    
  }
  

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    
    if (args.length == 0) {
      System.out.println("Usage: java PoliteDOMSpider URL1 URL2..."); 
    } 
      
    // start parsing... 
    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      
      try {
        listURIs(args[i]);
      }
      catch (Exception e) {
        System.err.println(e);
        e.printStackTrace(); 
      }
      
    } // end for
  
  } // end main

} // end PoliteDOMSpider

Comment Nodes


The Comment Interface

package org.w3c.dom;

public interface Comment extends CharacterData {
}

Comment Example

import org.apache.xerces.parsers.*;
import org.w3c.dom.*;
import org.xml.sax.*;
import java.io.*;


public class DOMCommentReader {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
     
    DOMParser parser = new DOMParser();
    
    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      try {
        // Read the entire document into memory
        parser.parse(args[i]); 
       
        Document d = parser.getDocument();
        processNode(d);
      }
      catch (SAXException e) {
        System.err.println(e); 
      }
      catch (IOException e) {
        System.err.println(e); 
      }
      
    }
  
  } // end main

  // note use of recursion
  public static void processNode(Node node) {
    
    int type = node.getNodeType();
    if (type == Node.COMMENT_NODE) {
      System.out.println(node.getNodeValue());
      System.out.println();
    }
    else {
      if (node.hasChildNodes()) {
        NodeList children = node.getChildNodes();
        for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength(); i++) {
          processNode(children.item(i));
        } 
      }
    }
    
  }

}

DOMCommentReader Output

% java DOMCommentReader hotcop.xml
 The publisher is actually Polygram but I needed
       an example of a general entity reference.

 You can tell what album I was
     listening to when I wrote this example

Or try http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210.xml for more interesting output


DOMException


The org.w3c.dom.traversal Package

Four interfaces:


NodeIterator

package org.w3c.dom.traversal;

public interface NodeIterator {

  public int        getWhatToShow();
  public NodeFilter getFilter();
  public boolean    getExpandEntityReferences();
  public Node       nextNode() throws DOMException;
  public Node       previousNode() throws DOMException;
  public void       detach();
    
}


ValueReporter

import org.apache.xerces.parsers.*;
import org.apache.xerces.dom.*;
import org.w3c.dom.*;
import org.w3c.dom.traversal.*;
import org.xml.sax.*;
import java.io.*;


public class ValueReporter {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
     
    DOMParser parser = new DOMParser();
    
    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      try {
        // Read the entire document into memory
        parser.parse(args[i]); 
       
        Document doc = parser.getDocument();
        DocumentImpl impl = (DocumentImpl) doc;
        NodeIterator iterator = impl.createNodeIterator(doc.getDocumentElement(),
         NodeFilter.SHOW_ALL, null, true);
        Node node;
        while ((node = iterator.nextNode()) != null) {
          processNode(node);      
        }
      }
      catch (SAXException e) {
        System.err.println(e); 
      }
      catch (IOException e) {
        System.err.println(e); 
      }
      
    }
  
  } // end main

  public static void processNode(Node node) {
    
    String name = node.getNodeName();
    String type = getTypeName(node.getNodeType());
    String value = node.getNodeValue();
    System.out.println("Type " + type + ": " + name 
     + " \"" + value + "\"");
    
  }
  
  public static String getTypeName(int type) {
    
    switch (type) {
      case Node.ELEMENT_NODE: return "Element";
      case Node.ATTRIBUTE_NODE: return "Attribute";
      case Node.TEXT_NODE: return "Text";
      case Node.CDATA_SECTION_NODE: return "CDATA Section";
      case Node.ENTITY_REFERENCE_NODE: return "Entity Reference";
      case Node.ENTITY_NODE: return "Entity";
      case Node.PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE: return "Processing Instruction";
      case Node.COMMENT_NODE : return "Comment";
      case Node.DOCUMENT_NODE: return "Document";
      case Node.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE: return "Document Type Declaration";
      case Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE: return "Document Fragment";
      case Node.NOTATION_NODE: return "Notation";
      default: return "Unknown Type"; 
    }
    
  }

}

ValueReporter Output

% java ValueReporter hotcop.xml
Type Element: SONG "null"
Type Text: #text "
  "
Type Element: TITLE "null"
Type Text: #text "Hot Cop"
Type Text: #text "
  "
Type Element: PHOTO "null"
Type Text: #text "
  "
Type Element: COMPOSER "null"
Type Text: #text "Jacques Morali"
Type Text: #text "
  "
Type Element: COMPOSER "null"
Type Text: #text "Henri Belolo"
Type Text: #text "
  "
Type Element: COMPOSER "null"
Type Text: #text "Victor Willis"
Type Text: #text "
  "
Type Element: PRODUCER "null"
Type Text: #text "Jacques Morali"
Type Text: #text "
  "
Type Comment: #comment " The publisher is actually Polygram but I needed
       an example of a general entity reference. "
Type Text: #text "
  "
Type Element: PUBLISHER "null"
Type Text: #text "
    A & M Records
  "
Type Text: #text "
  "
Type Element: LENGTH "null"
Type Text: #text "6:20"
Type Text: #text "
  "
Type Element: YEAR "null"
Type Text: #text "1978"
Type Text: #text "
  "
Type Element: ARTIST "null"
Type Text: #text "Village People"
Type Text: #text "
"

Attributes are missing from this output. They are not nodes. They are properties of nodes.


NodeFilter

package org.w3c.dom.traversal;

public interface NodeFilter {

  // Constants returned by acceptNode
  public static final short FILTER_ACCEPT             = 1;
  public static final short FILTER_REJECT             = 2;
  public static final short FILTER_SKIP               = 3;

  // Constants for whatToShow
  public static final int   SHOW_ALL                  = 0x0000FFFF;
  public static final int   SHOW_ELEMENT              = 0x00000001;
  public static final int   SHOW_ATTRIBUTE            = 0x00000002;
  public static final int   SHOW_TEXT                 = 0x00000004;
  public static final int   SHOW_CDATA_SECTION        = 0x00000008;
  public static final int   SHOW_ENTITY_REFERENCE     = 0x00000010;
  public static final int   SHOW_ENTITY               = 0x00000020;
  public static final int   SHOW_PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION = 0x00000040;
  public static final int   SHOW_COMMENT              = 0x00000080;
  public static final int   SHOW_DOCUMENT             = 0x00000100;
  public static final int   SHOW_DOCUMENT_TYPE        = 0x00000200;
  public static final int   SHOW_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT    = 0x00000400;
  public static final int   SHOW_NOTATION             = 0x00000800;

  public short        acceptNode(Node n);
    
}


DOM based TagStripper

import org.apache.xerces.parsers.*;
import org.apache.xerces.dom.*;
import org.w3c.dom.*;
import org.w3c.dom.traversal.*;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
import java.io.IOException;


public class DOMTagStripper {

  public static void main(String[] args) {
     
    DOMParser parser = new DOMParser();
    
    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      try {
        // Read the entire document into memory
        parser.parse(args[i]); 
       
        Document doc = parser.getDocument();
        DocumentImpl impl = (DocumentImpl) doc;
        NodeIterator iterator = impl.createNodeIterator(doc.getDocumentElement(),
         NodeFilter.SHOW_TEXT, null, true);
        Node node;
        while ((node = iterator.nextNode()) != null) {
          System.out.print(node.getNodeValue());      
        }
      }
      catch (SAXException e) {
        System.err.println(e); 
      }
      catch (IOException e) {
        System.err.println(e); 
      }
      
    }
  
  } // end main

}

Output from a DOM based TagStripper

% java DOMTagStripper hotcop.xml

  Hot Cop
  Jacques Morali
  Henri Belolo
  Victor Willis
  Jacques Morali

  A & M Records
  6:20
  1978
  Village People

Writing XML Documents with DOM


org.apache.xerces.dom.DOMImplementationImpl

package org.apache.xerces.dom;

public class DOMImplementationImpl implements DOMImplementation {

  public boolean hasFeature(String feature, String version) 
  
  public static DOMImplementation getDOMImplementation()
  
  public DocumentType createDocumentType(String qualifiedName, 
   String publicID, String systemID, String internalSubset)
                                          
  public Document createDocument(String namespaceURI, 
   String qualifiedName, DocumentType doctype)
   throws DOMException

} 

A DOM program that writes Fibonacci numbers into an XML document

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.io.*;
import org.w3c.dom.*;
import org.apache.xerces.dom.*;
import org.apache.xml.serialize.*;


public class FibonacciDOM {

  public static void main(String[] args) {

    try {

      DOMImplementation impl
       = DOMImplementationImpl.getDOMImplementation();

      Document fibonacci = impl.createDocument(
                             null, // no namespace URI
                             "Fibonacci_Numbers", // root element
                             null  // no DOCTYPE declaration
                            );

      BigInteger low  = BigInteger.ZERO;
      BigInteger high = BigInteger.ONE;

      Element root = fibonacci.getDocumentElement();

      for (int i = 0; i <= 25; i++) {
        Element number = fibonacci.createElement("fibonacci");
        number.setAttribute("index", Integer.toString(i));
        Text text = fibonacci.createTextNode(low.toString());
        number.appendChild(text);
        root.appendChild(number);

        BigInteger temp = high;
        high = high.add(low);
        low = temp;
      }

      // Now the document has been created and exists in memory
    }
    catch (DOMException e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
    }

  }

}

Serialization


A DOM program that writes Fibonacci numbers onto System.out

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.io.*;
import org.w3c.dom.*;
import org.apache.xerces.dom.*;
import org.apache.xml.serialize.*;


public class FibonacciDOMSerializer {

  public static void main(String[] args) {

    try {

      DOMImplementation impl
       = DOMImplementationImpl.getDOMImplementation();

      Document fibonacci = impl.createDocument(
                             null, // no namespace URI
                             "Fibonacci_Numbers", // root element
                             null  // no DOCTYPE declaration
                            );

      BigInteger low  = BigInteger.ZERO;
      BigInteger high = BigInteger.ONE;

      Element root = fibonacci.getDocumentElement();

      for (int i = 0; i <= 25; i++) {
        Element number = fibonacci.createElement("fibonacci");
        number.setAttribute("index", Integer.toString(i));
        Text text = fibonacci.createTextNode(low.toString());
        number.appendChild(text);
        root.appendChild(number);

        BigInteger temp = high;
        high = high.add(low);
        low = temp;
      }

      try {
        // Now that the document is created we need to *serialize* it
        OutputFormat format = new OutputFormat(fibonacci);
        XMLSerializer serializer
         = new XMLSerializer(System.out, format);
        serializer.serialize(fibonacci);
      }
      catch (IOException e) {
        System.err.println(e);
      }
    }
    catch (DOMException e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
    }

  }

}

fibonacci.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Fibonacci_Numbers><fibonacci index="0">0</fibonacci><fibonacci index="1">1</fibonacci><fibonacci index="2">1</fibonacci><fibonacci index="3">2</fibonacci><fibonacci index="4">3</fibonacci><fibonacci index="5">5</fibonacci><fibonacci index="6">8</fibonacci><fibonacci index="7">13</fibonacci><fibonacci index="8">21</fibonacci><fibonacci index="9">34</fibonacci><fibonacci index="10">55</fibonacci><fibonacci index="11">89</fibonacci><fibonacci index="12">144</fibonacci><fibonacci index="13">233</fibonacci><fibonacci index="14">377</fibonacci><fibonacci index="15">610</fibonacci><fibonacci index="16">987</fibonacci><fibonacci index="17">1597</fibonacci><fibonacci index="18">2584</fibonacci><fibonacci index="19">4181</fibonacci><fibonacci index="20">6765</fibonacci><fibonacci index="21">10946</fibonacci><fibonacci index="22">17711</fibonacci><fibonacci index="23">28657</fibonacci><fibonacci index="24">46368</fibonacci><fibonacci index="25">75025</fibonacci></Fibonacci_Numbers>

OutputFormat

package org.apache.xml.serialize;

public class OutputFormat extends Object {

  public OutputFormat()
  public OutputFormat(String method, String encoding, boolean indenting)
  public OutputFormat(Document doc)
  public OutputFormat(Document doc, String encoding, boolean indenting)
  
  public String   getMethod()
  public void     setMethod(String method)
  public String   getVersion()
  public void     setVersion(String version)
  public int      getIndent()
  public boolean  getIndenting()
  public void     setIndent(int indent)
  public void     setIndenting(boolean on)
  public String   getEncoding()
  public void     setEncoding(String encoding)
  public String   getMediaType()
  public void     setMediaType(String mediaType)
  public void     setDoctype(String publicID, String systemID)
  public String   getDoctypePublic()
  public String   getDoctypeSystem()
  public boolean  getOmitXMLDeclaration()
  public void     setOmitXMLDeclaration(boolean omit)
  public boolean  getStandalone()
  public void     setStandalone(boolean standalone)
  public String[] getCDataElements()
  public boolean  isCDataElement(String tagName)
  public void     setCDataElements(String[] cdataElements)
  public String[] getNonEscapingElements()
  public boolean  isNonEscapingElement(String tagName)
  public void     setNonEscapingElements(String[] nonEscapingElements)
  public String   getLineSeparator()
  public void     setLineSeparator(String lineSeparator)
  public boolean  getPreserveSpace()
  public void     setPreserveSpace(boolean preserve)
  public int      getLineWidth()
  public void     setLineWidth(int lineWidth)
  public char     getLastPrintable()
  
  public static String whichMethod(Document doc)
  public static String whichDoctypePublic(Document doc)
  public static String whichDoctypeSystem(Document doc)
  public static String whichMediaType(String method)
  
}

Better formatted output

 try {
  // Now that the document is created we need to *serialize* it
  OutputFormat format = new OutputFormat(fibonacci, "8859_1", true);
  format.setLineSeparator("\r\n");
  format.setLineWidth(72);
  format.setDoctype(null, "fibonacci.dtd");
  XMLSerializer serializer = new XMLSerializer(System.out, format);
  serializer.serialize(root);
}
catch (IOException e) {
  System.err.println(e); 
}

formatted_fibonacci.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="8859_1"?>
<!DOCTYPE Fibonacci_Numbers SYSTEM "fibonacci.dtd">
<Fibonacci_Numbers>
    <fibonacci index="0">0</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="1">1</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="2">1</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="3">2</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="4">3</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="5">5</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="6">8</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="7">13</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="8">21</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="9">34</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="10">55</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="11">89</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="12">144</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="13">233</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="14">377</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="15">610</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="16">987</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="17">1597</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="18">2584</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="19">4181</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="20">6765</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="21">10946</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="22">17711</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="23">28657</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="24">46368</fibonacci>
    <fibonacci index="25">75025</fibonacci>
</Fibonacci_Numbers>

The point is this:


To Learn More



Index | Cafe con Leche

Copyright 2000, 2001 Elliotte Rusty Harold
elharo@metalab.unc.edu
Last Modified March 27, 2001